The term “nanotechnology” refers to technological advancement on microscopic levels. In some cases, it may deal with the manipulation of individual atoms or molecules. This is a quick-growing field with many new opportunities appearing every year.

Venezuela, officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America. Venezuela has an estimated population of approximately 29 million. In 2009 the Venezuelan government passed a law to establish a national standardized university entrance examination system, replacing public universities' internal entrance examinations.

Requirements for the PhD program often involve the student having already obtained a Master’s degree. Additionally, a thesis or dissertation primarily consisting of original academic research must be submitted. In some countries, this work may even need to be defended in front of a panel.