Both short-term and long-range objectives are created and achieved with organizational management. Starting with a plan, organization helps with its execution, and effective leadership is essential to the process. Finally, resource control is needed to ensure success.

Requirements for the PhD program often involve the student having already obtained a Master’s degree. Additionally, a thesis or dissertation primarily consisting of original academic research must be submitted. In some countries, this work may even need to be defended in front of a panel.