Being the 2nd largest city in Spain, Barcelona is the capital of Catalonia province. It has over 4 million inhabitants. It is a vibrant city that hosts thousands of tourists annually. It is home to university of Barcelona among others.

The study of photonics involves understanding the manipulation, generation, and transmission of light particles. This is a newly developed field with a variety of potential applications, making it excellent for those who are interested in engineering or research.

Spain, officially the Kingdom of Spain, is a sovereign state and a member state of the European Union. It is located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe. Spanish universities regulate access to their degrees, and they fix the academic fees. They can also offer unofficial postgraduate degrees. Madrid has the largest number of bars per capita of any European city and a very active nightlife.

Requirements for the PhD program often involve the student having already obtained a Master’s degree. Additionally, a thesis or dissertation primarily consisting of original academic research must be submitted. In some countries, this work may even need to be defended in front of a panel.