Although technology may seem like a contemporary development, humans have been using technology since they began converting natural resources into tools. For example, the understanding of fire and its use in prehistoric cooking could be considered a facet of technology.

Egypt has the oldest education system in the North Africa and Middle East. The government always finance higher education making it one of the cheapest student’s lives in the North Africa and Middle East. The university of Cairo is the leading university.

Requirements for the PhD program often involve the student having already obtained a Master’s degree. Additionally, a thesis or dissertation primarily consisting of original academic research must be submitted. In some countries, this work may even need to be defended in front of a panel.