Journalism can involve the study of skills and values needed to develop and report the news. Journalists may cover the news through broadcast media, such as television and radio. Journalists can also be found in print outlets, such as magazines and newspapers.

Requirements for the PhD program often involve the student having already obtained a Master’s degree. Additionally, a thesis or dissertation primarily consisting of original academic research must be submitted. In some countries, this work may even need to be defended in front of a panel.