Cardiff is the capital of Wales, with a chequered linguistic history that resulted in many language schools. It has various university hospitals, four major institutions of higher education, several academies and around 44 thousand high education students.

Religious studies will often focus on Judaism, Islam, Christianity and Buddhism. Students may develop a deeper understanding of each one, as well as how they have affected social movements, literature, wars, culture and the arts.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom and Britain, is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. The two most famous (and oldest) universities are Oxford and Cambridge (often referred to as Oxbridge by many Britons). England also has several other world-class institutions, including several in London (notably Imperial College, the London School of Economics, University College London and King's College London, all are part of London University).

Requirements for the PhD program often involve the student having already obtained a Master’s degree. Additionally, a thesis or dissertation primarily consisting of original academic research must be submitted. In some countries, this work may even need to be defended in front of a panel.